Pengertian, Macam dan Aturan Perubahan, serta Latihan Soal Direct Speech – Indirect Speech (Part 1)

Pengertian

Direct Speech

• Direct Speech atau Quoted Speech atau Kalimat Langsung merupakan kalimat yang berisikan informasi dari pembicara yang ditulis apa adanya.
• Ciri-ciri dari direct speech adalah
  • adanya tanda kutip (“…”) atau (‘…’)
  • tidak terdapat kata hubung (conjunction)
• contoh:
  • Emily telah berkata, “saya capek”.
  • Emily has said, “I am tired”.

Indirect Speech

• Indirect Speech atau Reported Speech atau Kalimat Tak Langsung merupakan kalimat yang berisikan informasi dari pembicara yang tidak ditulis apa adanya.
• Ciri-ciri dari indirect speech adalah
  • Tidak terdapat tanda kutip (“…”) atau (‘…’)
  • terdapat kata hubung (conjunction)

• contoh:
  • Emily telah berkata bahwa dia capek.
  • Emily has said that she is tired.

Note

• Jika terdapat conjunction seperti pada contoh Indirect speech, maka klausa yang tidak mengandung conjunction disebut dengan main clause (MC), dan klausa yang mengandung conjunction disebut dengan subordinate clause (SC)
  contoh:
  • Ethan said, “I am fat”
  • Ethan said    that I was fat.
         MC                SC
• Kata tell, ask, say … disebut sebagai introductory verb atau verb yang menghubungkan main clause dengan subordinate clause
• Main clause dapat diletakkan di akhir dan bisa ditukar asalkan subject nya bukan pronoun.
• Contoh:
  • Ethan said, “I am fat.”
  • “I am fat”, Ethan said.
    he
  • “I am fat”, said Ethan.
    he
    

Macam dan Aturan Perubahan

Terdapat tiga macam DS-IS dan aturan perubahannya, yaitu statement, Imperative, dan Question. Pada artikel ini akan dibahas macam DS-IS yang pertama yaitu statement, berikut ini merupakan penjelasannya.

Statement

• merupakan bentuk pernyataan
• conjunction yang digunakan adalah that (bahwa)
• aturan perubahan
  • perubahan tenses
  • perubahan pronoun
  • perubahan adverb

Perubahan Tenses (Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech)

• Perubahan hanya pada SC
• MC bertenses Simple past tense
• tenses mundur 1 kali
  misal: dari tense simple present mundur ke simple past dan kemudian ke simple perfect (Perhatikan gambar dibawah ini)
  
• contoh kalimat
  • DS : Emily said, “Ethan is sick.“
                             simple present
  • IS : Emily said that Ethan was sick.
                                   simple past
  • DS : Clark said, “Charles has eaten.”
                               present perfect
  • IS : Clark said that Charles had eaten.
                                    past perfect

Note

• tenses dalam SC tidak berubah jika
  • I.V (introductory verb) tidak menggunakan tense simple past
    contoh:
    • DS : Emily has said, “Ernie is happy.”
    • IS : Emily has said that Ernie is happy.
  • SC menunjukkan kebenaran umum
    contoh
    • DS : Catherine said,   “The fire is hot.”
                          S.past   kebenaran umum
    • IS : Catherine said that the fire is hot.
                                 tidak berubah

Perubahan Pronoun

Aturan perubahan pronoun adalah sebagai berikut:

• Jika terdapat pronoun I, my, me, mine … , maka kembali ke subject MC.
  contoh:
  • DS : Emily said, “My mother likes my bike.”
  • IS : Emily said that her mother liked her bike.

• Jika terdapat pronoun you, your, yours, … , maka kembali ke object MC (jika MC tidak mempunyai object, maka object nya adalah me.
  • DS : Ethan said to Emily, “I love you.”
  • IS : Ethan said to Emily that he loved her.
  • Jika terdapat pronoun we, us, our, ours …, maka tetap we jika speaker termasuk we, dan berubah menjadi they  jika speaker tidak termasuk dalam we.
    contoh:
    • DS : Emily and Ethan said, “we will marry.”
    • IS : Emily and Ethan said that they would marry.

Perubahan Adverb

Aturan perubahan adverb adalah sebagai berikut:

• syarat → sama dengan perubahan tenses
• aturan

contoh:

• DS : Ethan said to Emily, “I am waiting for you now.”
• IS : Ethan said to Emily that he was waiting for her then.
• DS : Emily said, “I met Sue yesterday.”
• IS : Emily said that she had met Sue the day before.
• DS : Ethan said, “I will marry her next year.”
• IS : Ethan said that he would marry her the year after.

Latihan Soal

Exercise 1

Tentukan termasuk DS atau IS kah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini!

1. Clark said, “I have eaten meatball.”

Direct speech

Indirect speech

2. Dany said to his brother that his brother got a new bike.

Direct speech

Indirect speech

3. Clark said that he had eaten meatball.

Direct speech

Indirect speech

4. Emma said that her shirt had been dirty the previous day.

Direct speech

Indirect speech

5. Claire said that she had had a good meal the day before.

Indirect speech

Direct speech

6. Emma said, “my shirt was dirty yesterday.”

Indirect speech

Direct speech

7. Emily said, “I will be late tomorrow.”

Direct speech

Indirect speech

8. Claire said, “I had a good meal yesterday.”

Indirect speech

Direct speech

9. Emily said that she would be late the day after.

Indirect speech

Direct speech

10. Dany said to his brother, “you get a new bike.”

Indirect speech

Direct speech

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